# ECE302 Cheat Sheet number 4

## Maximum Likelihood Estimation (ML)

$\hat a_{ML} = \overset{max}{a} f_{X}(x_i;a)$ continuous
$\hat a_{ML} = \overset{max}{a} Pr(x_i;a)$ discrete

## Chebyshev Inequality

"Any RV is likely to be close to its mean"

$\Pr(\left|X-E[X]\right|\geq C)\leq\frac{var(X)}{C^2}.$

## Maximum A-Posteriori Estimation (MAP)

$\hat \theta_{MAP}(x) = \text{arg }\overset{max}{\theta} P_{X|\theta}(x|\theta)P_ {\theta}(\theta)$
$\hat \theta_{MAP}(x) = \text{arg }\overset{max}{\theta} f_{X|\theta}(x|\theta)P_ {\theta}(\theta)$

## Minimum Mean-Square Estimation (MMSE)

$\hat{y}_{\rm MMSE}(x) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} {y}{f}_{\rm Y|X}(y|x)\, dy={E}[Y|X=x]$

## Law Of Iterated Expectation

$E[E[X|Y]] = \begin{cases} \sum_{y} E[X|Y = y]p_Y(y),\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\mbox{ Y discrete,}\\ \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} E[X|Y = y]f_Y(y)\,dy,\mbox{ Y continuous.} \end{cases}$

Using the total expectation theorem:

$E\Big[ E[X|Y]] = E[X]$

## Mean Square Error

$MSE = E[(\Theta - \hat \theta(x))^2]$
$MSE(E(\Theta)) = var(\Theta) \,$

## Linear Minimum Mean-Square Estimation (LMMSE)

The LMMS estimator $\hat{Y}$ of Y based on the variable X is

$\hat{Y}_{LMMSE}(x) = E[Y]+\frac{COV(Y,X)}{Var(X)}(X-E[X]) = E[Y] + \rho \frac{\sigma_{Y}}{\sigma_{X}}(X-E[X])$

where

$\rho = \frac{COV(Y,X)}{\sigma_{Y}\sigma_{X}}$

Law of Iterated Expectation: E[E[X|Y]]=E[X]

COV(X,Y)=E[XY] - E[X]E[Y]

## Hypothesis Testing

In hypothesis testing $\Theta$ takes on one of m values, $\theta_1,...,\theta_m$ where m is usually small; often m = 2, in which case it is a binary hypthothesis testing problem.

The event $\Theta = \theta_i$ is the $i^{th}$ hypothesis denoted by $H_i$

### ML Rule

Given a value of X, we will say H1 is true if X is in region R, else will will say H0 is true.

Type I Error: False Rejection

Say $H_1$ when truth is $H_0$. Probability of this is:

$Pr(\mbox{Say } H_1|H_0) = Pr(x \in R|\theta_0)$

Type II Error: False Acceptance

Say $H_0$ when truth is $H_1$. Probability of this is:

$Pr(\mbox{Say }H_0|H_1) = Pr(x \in R^C|\theta_1)$

Say H1 if;

$\{f_{X|\theta}(x|\theta1)$ > $\{f_{X|\theta}(x|\theta0)$

Else H0

Say H0 if;

$\{f_{X|\theta}(x|\theta1)$ <= $\{f_{X|\theta}(x|\theta0)$

Else H1

### MAP Rule

$\mbox{Overall P(err)} = P_{\theta}(\theta_{0})Pr\Big[\mbox{Say }H_{1}|H_{0}\Big] +P_{\theta}(\theta_{1})Pr\Big[\mbox{Say }H_{0}|H_{1}\Big]$

Note that for Overall P(error), cannot use values from ML estimate.

### Likelihood Ratio Test

How to find a good rule? --Khosla 16:44, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

For X is discrete

$\ L(x) = \frac{p_{X|\theta} (x|\theta_1)}{p_{X|\theta} (x|\theta_0)}$

Choose threshold (T),

$\mbox{Say } \begin{cases} H_{1}; \mbox{ if } L(x) > T\\ H_{0}; \mbox{ if } L(x) < T \end{cases}$

The Maximum Likelihood rule is a Likelihood Ratio Test with T = 1 The MAP rule is a Likelihood Ratio Test with $T=\frac{P_\theta(\theta_0)}{P_\theta(\theta_1)}$

Observations:

1. as T decreases Type I Error Increases
2. as T decreases Type II Error Decreases
3. as T increases Type I Error Decreases
4. as T increases Type II Error Increases

($T = 0 \Rightarrow R = \{x|P_{X|\theta}(x|\theta_1) > 0\}$. So, Type I error ($Pr(x\in R | H_0)$) is maximized as T is minimized.)

The threshold value T=1, corresponds to the ML rule.

## Alumni Liaison

Ph.D. on Applied Mathematics in Aug 2007. Involved on applications of image super-resolution to electron microscopy

Francisco Blanco-Silva