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4)Ker(<math>\Phi\,\!</math>) is a subgroup of G | 4)Ker(<math>\Phi\,\!</math>) is a subgroup of G | ||
5)aKer(<math>\Phi\,\!</math>) = bKern(<math>\Phi\,\!</math>) if and only if <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(a) = <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(b) | 5)aKer(<math>\Phi\,\!</math>) = bKern(<math>\Phi\,\!</math>) if and only if <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(a) = <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(b) | ||
| − | 6)If <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(g) = g' then <math>\Phi\,\! | + | 6)If <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(g) = g' then <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(g') = {x in G | <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(x) = g'} = gKer<math>\Phi\,\!</math> |
•Properties of Subgroups Under Homomorphisms | •Properties of Subgroups Under Homomorphisms | ||
| − | Let <math>\Phi\,\!</math> be a homomorphism from a group G to a group | + | Let <math>\Phi\,\!</math> be a homomorphism from a group G to a group <math>\bar{G}</math> and let I be a subgroup of G. Then: |
| − | 1)<math>\Phi\,\!</math>(I) = [<math>\Phi\,\!</math>(i) | i in I} is a subgroup of | + | 1)<math>\Phi\,\!</math>(I) = [<math>\Phi\,\!</math>(i) | i in I} is a subgroup of <math>\bar{G}</math> |
2)If I is cyclic, then <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(I) is cyclic | 2)If I is cyclic, then <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(I) is cyclic | ||
3)If I is Abelian, then <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(I) is Abelian | 3)If I is Abelian, then <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(I) is Abelian | ||
4)If I is normal in G, then <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(I) is normal in <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(G) | 4)If I is normal in G, then <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(I) is normal in <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(G) | ||
| − | 5)If |Ker<math>\Phi\,\!</math>| = n, then | + | 5)If |Ker<math>\Phi\,\!</math>| = n, then <math>\Phi\,\!</math> is an n-to-1 mapping from G onto <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(G) |
6)If |I| = n, then |<math>\Phi\,\!</math>(I)| divides n | 6)If |I| = n, then |<math>\Phi\,\!</math>(I)| divides n | ||
| − | 7)If | + | 7)If <math>\bar{I}</math> is a subgroup of <math>\bar{G}</math>, then <math>\Phi\,\!</math>^-1(<math>\bar{I}</math>) = {i in G | <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(i) in <math>\bar{I}</math>} is a subgroup of G. |
| − | 8)If | + | 8)If <math>\bar{I}</math> is a normal subgroup of <math>\bar{G}</math>, then <math>\Phi\,\!</math>^-1(<math>\bar{I}</math>) = {i in G| <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(i) in <math>\bar{I}</math>} is a normal subgroup of G |
| − | 9)If <math>\Phi\,\!</math> is onto and | + | 9)If <math>\Phi\,\!</math> is onto and Ker<math>\Phi\,\!</math> = {e}, then <math>\Phi\,\!</math> is an isomorphism from G to <math>\bar{G}</math>. |
| + | |||
Examples | Examples | ||
• Any isomorphism is a homomorphism that is also onto and 1-to-1 | • Any isomorphism is a homomorphism that is also onto and 1-to-1 | ||
| − | • The mapping | + | • The mapping <math>\Phi\,\!</math> from Z to <math>Z_n</math>, definded by <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(m) = m mod n is a homomorphism |
| − | • The mapping | + | • The mapping <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(x) = <math>x^2</math> from R*, the nonzero real numbers under multiplication, to itself is a homomorphism. This is because <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(ab) =<math>(ab)^2</math> = <math>a^2b^2</math> = <math>\Phi\,\!</math>(a)<math>\Phi\,\!</math>(b) for all a and b in R* |
| − | • The exponential function rho : x --> e^x is an isomorphism. It is injective (monomorphism) and surjective (epimorphism) because one can take logs. | + | • The exponential function <math>\rho\,\!</math> : x --> <math>e^x</math> is an isomorphism. It is injective (monomorphism) and surjective (epimorphism) because one can take logs. |
| − | • : ( | + | • : (<math>R_t</math> , *) --> (<math>R_t</math> , *) is an isomorphism |
• ( *2) : Z/3Z --> Z/3Z is a monomorphism,epimorphism and isomorphism | • ( *2) : Z/3Z --> Z/3Z is a monomorphism,epimorphism and isomorphism | ||
Revision as of 18:23, 25 April 2011
For the following definitions, Let G and H be two groups:
A morphism,$ \rho\,\! $, from G to H is a function $ \rho\,\! $: G --> H such that:
1)$ I_G $ =$ I_H $ 2)$ \rho\,\! $(g*g') = $ \rho\,\! $(g)*$ \rho\,\! $(g'), this preserves the multiplication table
The domain and the codomain are two operations that are defined on every morphism.
Morphims satisfy two axioms:
1)Associativity: h o (g o f) = (h o g)o f whenever the operations are defined
2)Identity: for every object X, the identity morphism on X exists such that for every morphism f: A --> B,
$ id_B $ o f = f = f o $ id_A $.
Types of morphisms:
An epimorphism is a morphism where for every h in H, there is at least one g in G with f(g) = h
•This is the same as saying that $ \rho\,\! $ is surjective or onto
A monomorphism is a morphism for which $ \rho\,\! $(g) = $ \rho\,\! $(g') can only happen if g = g'
•This is the same as saying that $ \rho\,\! $ is injective
An isomorphism is a morphism that is both an epimorphism and a monomorphism (both surjective and injective). This means that $ \rho\,\! $ sets up a 1-to-1 correspondence between the elements of G and the elements of H.
•This is the same as saying that $ \rho\,\! $ is bijective
An automorphism is an isomorphism from a function to itself. It is a way of mapping the object to itself while preserving all of its structure.
•An inner automorphism is a function ƒ: G → G such that ƒ(x) = a−1xa, for all x in G, where a is a given fixed element of
G.
A homomorphism is a structure-preserving map between two algebraic structures (such as groups, rings, or vector spaces).
•Types of homomorphisms:
o Group homomorphism- this is a homomorphism between two groups.
o Ring homomorphism- this is a homomorphism between two rings.
o Functor- this is a homomorphism between two categories
o Linear map- this is a homomorphism between two vector spaces
o Algebra homomorphism- this is a homomorphism between two algebras
•Properties of elements under homomorphisms:
Let $ \Phi\,\! $ be a homomorphism from a group G to a grou H and let g be and element of G. Then:
1) $ \Phi\,\! $ carries the identity of G to the identity of H
2)$ \Phi\,\! $($ g^n $) = ($ \Phi\,\! $$ (g))^n $ for all n in Z
3)If |g| is finite, then |$ \Phi\,\! $(g)| divides |g|
4)Ker($ \Phi\,\! $) is a subgroup of G
5)aKer($ \Phi\,\! $) = bKern($ \Phi\,\! $) if and only if $ \Phi\,\! $(a) = $ \Phi\,\! $(b)
6)If $ \Phi\,\! $(g) = g' then $ \Phi\,\! $(g') = {x in G | $ \Phi\,\! $(x) = g'} = gKer$ \Phi\,\! $
•Properties of Subgroups Under Homomorphisms
Let $ \Phi\,\! $ be a homomorphism from a group G to a group $ \bar{G} $ and let I be a subgroup of G. Then:
1)$ \Phi\,\! $(I) = [$ \Phi\,\! $(i) | i in I} is a subgroup of $ \bar{G} $
2)If I is cyclic, then $ \Phi\,\! $(I) is cyclic
3)If I is Abelian, then $ \Phi\,\! $(I) is Abelian
4)If I is normal in G, then $ \Phi\,\! $(I) is normal in $ \Phi\,\! $(G)
5)If |Ker$ \Phi\,\! $| = n, then $ \Phi\,\! $ is an n-to-1 mapping from G onto $ \Phi\,\! $(G)
6)If |I| = n, then |$ \Phi\,\! $(I)| divides n
7)If $ \bar{I} $ is a subgroup of $ \bar{G} $, then $ \Phi\,\! $^-1($ \bar{I} $) = {i in G | $ \Phi\,\! $(i) in $ \bar{I} $} is a subgroup of G.
8)If $ \bar{I} $ is a normal subgroup of $ \bar{G} $, then $ \Phi\,\! $^-1($ \bar{I} $) = {i in G| $ \Phi\,\! $(i) in $ \bar{I} $} is a normal subgroup of G
9)If $ \Phi\,\! $ is onto and Ker$ \Phi\,\! $ = {e}, then $ \Phi\,\! $ is an isomorphism from G to $ \bar{G} $.
Examples
• Any isomorphism is a homomorphism that is also onto and 1-to-1
• The mapping $ \Phi\,\! $ from Z to $ Z_n $, definded by $ \Phi\,\! $(m) = m mod n is a homomorphism
• The mapping $ \Phi\,\! $(x) = $ x^2 $ from R*, the nonzero real numbers under multiplication, to itself is a homomorphism. This is because $ \Phi\,\! $(ab) =$ (ab)^2 $ = $ a^2b^2 $ = $ \Phi\,\! $(a)$ \Phi\,\! $(b) for all a and b in R*
• The exponential function $ \rho\,\! $ : x --> $ e^x $ is an isomorphism. It is injective (monomorphism) and surjective (epimorphism) because one can take logs.
• : ($ R_t $ , *) --> ($ R_t $ , *) is an isomorphism
• ( *2) : Z/3Z --> Z/3Z is a monomorphism,epimorphism and isomorphism
