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<math>
 
<math>
E[X_iX_j]=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}x_ix_jf_{X_iX_j}(x_i,x_j)dx_idx_j=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}x_if_{X_i}(x_i)x_jf_{X_j}(x_j)dx_idx_j
+
E[X_iX_j]=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}x_ix_jf_{X_iX_j}(x_i,x_j)dx_idx_j=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}x_if_{X_i}(x_i)x_jf_{X_j}(x_j)dx_idx_j=E[X_i]E[X_j]=0
 
</math>
 
</math>
 
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Revision as of 13:11, 7 December 2015


ECE Ph.D. Qualifying Exam

Communication, Networking, Signal and Image Processing (CS)

Question 1: Probability and Random Processes

August 2015


Solution 1

$ E(S_n)=E(\frac{1}{n}\sum_i^n X_i) =\frac{1}{n}\sum_i^n E(X_i)=0 $

$ E(X_i-S_n)=E(X_i-\frac{1}{n}\sum_k^n X_k) =E(X_i)-E(\frac{1}{n}\sum_k^n X_k)=0 $

$ E((X_i-S_n)S_n)=E(X_iS_n-S_n^2) $

As for any $ i,j\in \{1,2,...,n\} $, we have $ E(X_i\cdot X_j) = E(X_i)E(X_j)=0 $

$ E(X_iS_n-S_n^2) = E(X_iS_n)-E(S_n^2)\\ =E(\sum_k^nX_iX_K) - E(\sum_i^n\sum_k^nX_iX_K)\\ =\sum_k^nE(X_iX_K) - \sum_i^n\sum_k^nE(X_iX_K) \\ =0 $

Thus $ E(X_i-S_n)E(S_n)=E((X_i-S_n)S_n) $, $ S_n $ and $ X_i-S_n $ are uncorrelated.

Solution 2

$ S_n=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{j=1}{n}X_j $, note: in the problem statement, it should be $ \frac{1}{n}, because <math>S_n $ is the sample mean.

$ E[S_n]=E[\frac{1}{n}\sum_{j=1}{n}X_j] = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{j=1}{n}E[X_j ] = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{j=1}{n} \mu = 0\\ E[(X_i-\mu)^2]=E[X_i^2]=\sigma^2 $

$ E[X_iX_j]=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}x_ix_jf_{X_iX_j}(x_i,x_j)dx_idx_j=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}x_if_{X_i}(x_i)x_jf_{X_j}(x_j)dx_idx_j=E[X_i]E[X_j]=0 $


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Alumni Liaison

Ph.D. on Applied Mathematics in Aug 2007. Involved on applications of image super-resolution to electron microscopy

Francisco Blanco-Silva