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ECE Ph.D. Qualifying Exam in "Communication, Networks, Signal, and Image Processing" (CS)

Question 1, August 2011, Part 2

Part 1,2]

 $ \color{blue}\text{Show that if a continuous-time Gaussian random process } \mathbf{X}(t) \text{ is wide-sense stationary, it is also strict-sense stationary.} $

$ \color{blue}\text{Solution 1:} $

$ {\color{green} \text{Recall Should be added:}} $

$ {\color{green} \text{A random process is wide sense stationary (WSS) if}} $

$ {\color{green} i) \text{ its mean is constant.}} $

$ {\color{green} ii) \text{ its correlation only depends on time deference.}} $

$ {\color{green} \text{A random process is Strict Sense Stationary (SSS) if its cdf only depends on time deference.}} $

$ {\color{green} \text{This Also true for the Moment Generating Function of the process, so we can use this function for our proof:}} $

$ \mathbf{X}(t) \text{ is SSS if } F_{(t_1+\tau)...(t_n+\tau)}(x_1,...,x_n) \text{ does not depend on } \tau. \text{ To show that, we can show that } \Phi_{(t_1+\tau)...(t_n+\tau)}(\omega_1,...,\omega_n) \text{ does not depend on } \tau: $

$ \Phi_{(t_1+\tau)...(t_n+\tau)}(\omega_1,...,\omega_n) = E \left [e^{i\sum_{j=1}^{n}{\omega_jX(t_j+\tau)}} \right ] $

$ \text{Define } Y(t_j+\tau) = \sum_{j=1}^{n}{\omega_jX(t_j+\tau)} \text{, so} $

$ \Phi_{(t_1+\tau)...(t_n+\tau)}(\omega_1,...,\omega_n) = E \left [e^{Y(t_j+\tau)} \right ] = \Phi_{(t_1+\tau)...(t_n+\tau)}(1) $

$ \text{Since } Y(t) \text{ is Gaussian, it is characterized just by its mean and variance. So, we just need to show that mean and variance of } Y(t) \text{ do not depend on } \tau. \text{ Since } Y(t) \text{ is WSS, its mean is constant and does not depend on . For variance} $

$ var(Y(t_j+\tau)) = E \left [(\sum_{j=1}^{n}{w_j(X(t_j+\tau)-\mu)^2} \right ] $

$ =\sum_{j=1}^{n}{\omega_j^2E \left [ (X(t_j+\tau)-\mu)^2 \right ]} + \sum_{i,j=1}^{n}{\omega_i \omega_j E \left[ (X(t_i+\tau)-\mu)(X(t_j+\tau)-\mu) \right]} $

$ =\sum_{i,j=1}^{n}{\omega_j^2 cov(t_j,t_j)} + \sum_{i,j=1}^{n}{\omega_i \omega_j cov(t_j,t_j)} $

$ \text{Which does not depend on } \tau. $

$ \color{blue}\text{Solution 2:} $

$ \text{Suppose } \mathbf{X}(t) \text{ is a Gaussian Random Process} $

$ \Rightarrow f(x(t_1),x(t_2),...,x(t_k)) = \frac{1}{2\pi^{(\frac{k}{2})} |\Sigma |^{\frac{1}{2}}} exp(-\frac{1}{2}(\overrightarrow{x} - \overrightarrow{m})^T \Sigma ^{-1}(\overrightarrow{x} - \overrightarrow{m})) $

$ \text{for any number of time instances.} $

$ \text{If } \mathbf{X}(t) \text{is WSS} $

$ \Rightarrow \text{ (1) } m_X(t_1) = m_X(t_2) = ... = m_X(t_K) = m $

$ \text{ (2) } R_X(t_i,t_i) = R_X(t_i + \tau, t_j + \tau) $

$ \Sigma = \begin{bmatrix} &R_X(t_1,t_1) &... &R_X(t_1,t_k)\\ &\vdots & \\ &R_X(t_k,t_1) &... &R_X(t_k,t_k)\\ \end{bmatrix} $

$ \text{From (1): } \overrightarrow{m}' = (m_X(t_1+\tau) , m_X(t_2+\tau) , ... , m_X(t_K+\tau)) = \overrightarrow{m} $

$ \text{From (2): } \Sigma' = \begin{bmatrix} &R_X(t_1,t_1) &... &R_X(t_1,t_k)\\ &\vdots & \\ &R_X(t_k,t_1) &... &R_X(t_k,t_k)\\ \end{bmatrix} = \Sigma $

$ {\color{green} \text{Should be clarified that:}} $

$ { \color{green} \text{From (2): } \Sigma' = \begin{bmatrix} &R_X(t_1+\tau,t_1+\tau) &... &R_X(t_1+\tau,t_k+\tau)\\ &\vdots & \\ &R_X(t_k+\tau,t_1+\tau) &... &R_X(t_k+\tau,t_k+\tau)\\ \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} &R_X(t_1,t_1) &... &R_X(t_1,t_k)\\ &\vdots & \\ &R_X(t_k,t_1) &... &R_X(t_k,t_k)\\ \end{bmatrix} = \Sigma } $

$ \text{So } f(x(t_1+\tau),x(t_2+\tau),...,x(t_k+\tau)) \text{ is not related to } \tau. $

$ f(x(t_1+\tau),x(t_2+\tau),...,x(t_k+\tau)) $

$ = f(x(t_1),x(t_2),...,x(t_k)) $

$ \Rightarrow \mathbf{X}(t) \text{ is Strict Sense Stationary. } $

"Communication, Networks, Signal, and Image Processing" (CS)- Question 1, August 2011

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• Part 1: solutions and discussions
• Part 2: solutions and discussions

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