Communication, Networking, Signal and Image Processing (CS)

Question 1: Probability and Random Processes

August 2013

# Part 2

Let $X_1,X_2,...$ be a sequence of jointly Gaussian random variables with covariance

$Cov(X_i,X_j) = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {\sigma}^2, & i=j\\ \rho{\sigma}^2, & |i-j|=1\\ 0, & otherwise \end{array} \right.$

Suppose we take 2 consecutive samples from this sequence to form a vector $X$, which is then linearly transformed to form a 2-dimensional random vector $Y=AX$. Find a matrix $A$ so that the components of $Y$ are independent random variables You must justify your answer.

# Solution 1

Suppose

$A=\left(\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c & d \end{array} \right)$.

Then the new 2-D random vector can be expressed as

$Y=\left(\begin{array}{c}Y_1 \\ Y_2\end{array} \right)=A\left(\begin{array}{c}X_i \\ X_j\end{array} \right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}aX_i+bX_j \\ cX_i+dX_j\end{array} \right)$

Therefore,

$\begin{array}{l}Cov(Y_1,Y_2)=E[(aX_i+bX_j-E(aX_i+bX_j))(cX_i+dX_j-E(cX_i+dX_j))] \\ =E[(aX_i+bX_j-aE(X_i)-bE(X_j))(cX_i+dX_j-cE(X_i)-dE(X_j))] \\ =E[acX_i^2+adX_iX_j-acX_iE(X_i)-adX_iE(X_j)+bcX_iX_j+bdX_j^2-bcX_jE(X_i)\\ -bdX_jE(X_j)-acX_iE(X_i)-adX_jE(X_i)+acE(X_i)^2+adE(X_i)E(X_j)\\ -bcX_iE(X_j)-bdX_jE(X_j)+bcE(X_i)E(X_j)+bdE(X_i)^2]\\ =E(ac(X_i-E(X_i))^2+(ad+bc)(X_i-E(X_i)(X_j-E(X_j))+bd(X_j-E(X_j))^2]\\ =(ac)Cov(X_i,X_i)+(ad+bc)Cov(X-i,X_j)+(bd)Cov(X_j,X_j)\\ =ac\sigma^2+(ad+bc)\rho\sigma^2+bd\sigma^2 \end{array}$

Let the above formula equal to 0 and $a=b=d=1$, we get $c=-1$.

Therefore, a solution is

$A=\left(\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 1\\ -1 & 1 \end{array} \right)$.

More procedures and explanations would be better.

## Solution 2

Assume

$Y=\left(\begin{array}{c}Y_i \\ Y_j\end{array} \right)=A\left(\begin{array}{c}X_i \\ X_j\end{array} \right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}a_{11}X_i+a_{12}X_j \\ a_{21}X_i+a_{22}X_j\end{array} \right)$.

Then

$\begin{array}{l}E(Y_iY_j)=E[(a_{11}X_i+a_{12}X_j)(a_{21}X_i+a_{22}X_j)]\\ =a_{11}a_{21}\sigma^2+a_{12}a_{22}\sigma^2+(a_{11}a_{21}+a_{22}a_{11})E(X_iX_j) \end{array}$

For $|i-j|\geq1$, $E(X_i,X_j)=0$. Therefore, $a_{11}a_{21}+a_{12}a_{22}=0$.

One solution can be

$A=\left(\begin{array}{cc} 1 & -1\\ 1 & 1 \end{array} \right)$.

Critique on Solution 2:

1. $E(Y_iY_j)=0$ is not the condition for the two random variables to be independent.

2. "For $|i-j|\geq1$, $E(X_i,X_j)=0$" is not supported by the given conditions.

## Solution 3

$Y=\left(\begin{array}{c}Y_1 \\ Y_2\end{array} \right)=AX=\left(\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c & d \end{array} \right)\left(\begin{array}{c}X_i \\ X_j\end{array} \right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}aX_i+bX_j \\ cX_i+dX_j\end{array} \right)$

We know that the sum of two independent Gaussian distributed random variables is still Gaussian distributed.

Thus, $Y_1,Y_2$ are Gaussian distributed random variables. If they are uncorrelated, then they are also independent.

$r = \frac{COV(Y_1,Y_2)}{\sigma1\sigma2} = 0$

which indicates that

$E(Y_1Y_2) - E(Y_1)E(Y_2) = 0$

we know that $|i-j|=1$

$E(Y_1Y_2) = E((aX_i+bX_j)(cX_i+dX_j)) = E(acX_iX_i+adX_iX_j+bcX_jX_i+bdX_jX_j) \\ = ac({\sigma}^{2}+{E(X_i)}^2)+ad(\rho{\sigma}^{2}+E(X_j)E(X_i))+bc(\rho{\sigma}^{2}+E(X_j)E(X_i))+bd({\sigma}^{2}+{E(X_j)}^2) = 0$

$E(Y_1)E(Y_2) = E((aX_i+bX_j))E((cX_i+dX_j)) = (aE(X_i)+bE(X_j))(cE(X_i)+dE(X_j)) \\ = ac{E(X_i)}^{2}+adE(X_i)E(X_j)+bcE(X_i)E(X_j)+bd{E(X_j)}^{2}$

Therefore,

$E(Y_1Y_2) - E(Y_1)E(Y_2) = ac{\sigma}^{2}+ad\rho{\sigma}^{2}+bc\rho{\sigma}^{2}+bd{\sigma}^{2} = 0$

$\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} ac = -bd\\ ad=-bc \end{array} \right.$

Thus, one of the possible solutions is $a = 1,b = -1,c = 1, d = 1$

# Similar Question

Let $X_1,X_2,...$ be a sequence of jointly Gaussian random variables with the same mean $u$ and with covariance function where $|\rho|<1$

$Cov(X_i,X_j) = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {\sigma}^2, & i=j\\ \rho{\sigma}^2, & |i-j|=1\\ 0, & otherwise \end{array} \right.$

Find the mean and variance of $S_n = X_1 + ...+ X_n$

## Alumni Liaison

Correspondence Chess Grandmaster and Purdue Alumni

Prof. Dan Fleetwood