Revision as of 23:40, 1 December 2019

Z Transform and LTI System Properties Study Guide

Introduction

This page will go over some of my conclusions about properties of the z-transform and discuss some examples of how they may be used to draw conclusions about LTI systems and digital filters. This topic assumes some basic knowledge of the z-transform and signal processing, however some definitions are provided below as a refresher or for reference. The information provided is intended to clarify or expand on some of the z-transform properties presented in class. Some of the information includes statements or arguments to validate or clarify claims; these are intended to aid understanding but not substitute for a proof.

definitions

z-transform: $ X(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n]z^{-n} $ z ∈ ℂ

DTFT: $ X(\omega) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n]e^{-j\omega n} $

right sided: $ x[n] $ such that $ x[n] = 0 $ ∀ n < n₀

left sided: $ x[n] $ such that $ x[n] = 0 $ ∀ n > n₀

both sided: $ x[n] $ such that $ x[n] = 0 $ ∀ n > n₁ and n < n₂ n₁ < n₂

neither sided: $ x[n] $ has finite duration, meaning $ x[n] = 0 $ ∀ n < n₁ and n > n₂, n₁ < n₂

Absolutely Summable: $ x[n] $ is absolutely summable if: $ \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} |x[n]| = c $, where $ c $ is a constant.

Relationship Between Fourier Transform and Z Transform

In the z-transform definition above, z is any complex number, which can be represented in polar coordinates by $ z = re^{j\omega} $ Then the x-transform can be written as: $ X(z) = X(re^{j\omega}) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n](re)^{-j \omega n} $. Thus is r = 1, meaning that z is constrained to z = $ e^{j\omega} $, then the z-transform is equivalent to the DTFT, and the DTFT is the z-transform constrained with z constrained to the unit circle in the z-plane.

Since the z-transform exists outside the unit circle, it is useful for analyzing signal that don't have a DTFT, analyzing LTI system stability, and looking at the transfer function characteristics among other uses.

Summary of Z Transform Properties

(a) The DTFT(x[n]) converges if the ROC of X(z) contains the unit circle on the z-plane.

(b) No poles of X(z) are included in the ROC of X(z), poles of X(z) shape the ROC.

(c) For Right Sided x[n], the ROC of X(z):

(i) is generally defined by |z| > z₀ (outside a circle in the z-plane)

(ii) includes $ \infty $ if n₀ ≥ 0

(iii) z = 0 could possibly be included in the ROC

(iv) the farthest pole from the origin lies just inside |z₀|

(d) For Left Sided x[n], the ROC of X(z):

(i) is generally defined by |z| < z₀ (inside a circle in the z-plane)

(ii) includes z = 0 if n₀ ≤ 0

(iii) x = $ \infty $ could possibly be included

(iv) the nearest pole to the origin lies just outside of |z₀|

(e) For Both Sided x[n], the ROC of X(z):

(i) is generally a ring in the z-plane such as z₁ < |z| < z₂

(ii) does not include z = 0 or z = $ \infty $

(f) For finite duration x[n] (neither sided), the ROC of X(z):

(i) includes the entire complex plane

(ii) x[n] has no poles except maybe z = 0 or z = $ \infty $

(iii) if for x[n], n₁ ≥ 0, z = $ \infty $ is included

(iv) if for x[n], n₂ ≤ 0, z = 0 is included

(v) if n₁ < 0 and n₂ > 0, then neither z = 0 or z = $ \infty $ is included