m
m
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==Problem 2==
 
==Problem 2==
  
# Specify the size of <math>YY^T</math> and <math>Y^TY</math>. Which matrix is smaller?
+
# Specify the size of <math>YY^t</math> and <math>Y^tY</math>. Which matrix is smaller?
  
 
<center>
 
<center>
<math>Y</math> is of size <math>p\times N</math>, so the size of <math>YY^T</math> is <math>p\times p</math>.
+
<math>Y</math> is of size <math>p\times N</math>, so the size of <math>YY^t</math> is <math>p\times p</math>.
  
<math>Y</math> is of size <math>p\times N</math>, so the size of <math>Y^TY</math> is <math>N\times N</math>.
+
<math>Y</math> is of size <math>p\times N</math>, so the size of <math>Y^tY</math> is <math>N\times N</math>.
  
Obviously, the size of <math>Y^TY</math> is much smaller, since <math>N<<p</math>.
+
Obviously, the size of <math>Y^tY</math> is much smaller, since <math>N<<p</math>.
 
</center>
 
</center>
  
# Prove that both <math>YY^T</math> and <math>Y^TY</math> are both symmetric and positive semi-definite matrices.
+
# Prove that both <math>YY^t</math> and <math>Y^tY</math> are both symmetric and positive semi-definite matrices.
  
 
<center>
 
<center>
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<math>
 
<math>
(YY^T)^T=YY^T
+
(YY^t)^t=YY^t
 
</math>
 
</math>
 
To prove it is positive semi-definite:
 
To prove it is positive semi-definite:
Line 74: Line 74:
  
 
<math>
 
<math>
x^TYY^Tx=(Y^Tx)^T(Y^Tx)\geq 0
+
x^tYY^tx=(Y^tx)^T(Y^tx)\geq 0
 
</math>
 
</math>
 +
So the matrix <math>YY^t</math> is positive semi-definite.
 +
 +
The proving procedures for <math>Y^tY</math> are the same.
 
</center>
 
</center>
  

Revision as of 01:45, 7 July 2019


ECE Ph.D. Qualifying Exam

Communication, Networking, Signal and Image Processing (CS)

Question 5: Image Processing

August 2016 (Published on Jul 2019)

Problem 1

  1. Calculate an expression for $ \lambda_n^c $, the X-ray energy corrected for the dark current.

$ \lambda_n^c=\lambda_n^b-\lambda_n^d $

  1. Calculate an expression for $ G_n $, the X-ray attenuation due to the object's presence.

$ G_n=-\mu(x,y_0+n*\Delta d)\lambda_n $

  1. Calculate an expression for $ \hat{P}_n $, an estimate of the integral intensity in terms of $ \lambda_n $, $ \lambda_n^b $, and $ \lambda_b^d $.

$ \lambda_n=(\lambda_n^b-\lambda_n^d)e^{-\int_0^x \mu(t)dt} $

$ \hat{P}_n=\int_0^x \mu(t)dt=-log\frac{\lambda_n}{\lambda_n^b-\lambda_n^d} $

  1. For this part, assume that the object is of constant density with $ \mu(x,y)=\mu_0 $. Then sketch a plot of $ \hat{P}_n $ versus the object thickness, $ T_n $, in $ mm $, for the $ n^{th} $ detector. Label key features of the curve such as its slope and intersection.

Problem 2

  1. Specify the size of $ YY^t $ and $ Y^tY $. Which matrix is smaller?

$ Y $ is of size $ p\times N $, so the size of $ YY^t $ is $ p\times p $.

$ Y $ is of size $ p\times N $, so the size of $ Y^tY $ is $ N\times N $.

Obviously, the size of $ Y^tY $ is much smaller, since $ N<<p $.

  1. Prove that both $ YY^t $ and $ Y^tY $ are both symmetric and positive semi-definite matrices.

To prove it is symmetric:

$ (YY^t)^t=YY^t $ To prove it is positive semi-definite:

Let $ x $ be an arbitrary vector

$ x^tYY^tx=(Y^tx)^T(Y^tx)\geq 0 $ So the matrix $ YY^t $ is positive semi-definite.

The proving procedures for $ Y^tY $ are the same.

  1. Derive expressions for $ V $ and $ \Sigma $ in terms of $ T $, and $ D $.
  1. Drive expressions for $ U $ in terms of $ Y $, $ T $, and $ D $.
  1. Derive expressions for $ E $ in terms of $ Y $, $ T $, and $ D $.
  1. If the columns of $ Y $ are images from a training database, then what name do we give to the columns of $ U $?

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